Consider the following statements regarding the Assam Cascade or Hill Stream Frog: 1. The Assam Cascade Frog is an endemic species found in the Himalayan regions of India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal. 2. It is an indicator species, reflecting the health of hilly streams and the biodiversity of other species in its habitat. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

The correct answer is option 3. In News The Hindu: Assam cascade frog test for Himachal stream water flow impact. Key Points The Assam Cascade : The Assam Cascade or Hill Stream Frog is endemic to the Himalayan regions, including India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal, where it thrives in cascading streams. Hence, Statement 1 is correct. This frog is an indicator species, which means it reflects the biotic or abiotic state of its environment, indicating the health of hilly stream ecosystems and signaling environmental changes. Hence, Statement 2 is correct. Additional Information Assam Cascade Frog Distribution: Mainly found across the Himalayan belt in India and in high-flowing, gradient streams of northern Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal. Ecological Role: This species is an indicator species for long-term monitoring of the health of hilly streams. Adaptations: Amolops species are adapted to fast-flowing streams due to adhesive disks on their digits, which help them stick to rocks and substrates. Other Names: Assam sucker frog, beautiful stream frog, Assam cascade frog, or hill stream frog. Conservation Status IUCN Status: Listed as "Least Concern" on the IUCN Red List.